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Both the Tories and Labour are braced for a battering, with Reform expected to gain hundreds of councillors across the country.
Polls are being held in 23 areas across England to choose new councillors, while six mayoral contests are also taking place.
Voters in Runcorn and Helsby are also selecting a new MP.
The by-election, which Nigel Farage’s party is hoping to win, is happening because Labour’s Mike Amesbury stood down after punching a constituent.
He received a 10-week prison sentence that was suspended after an appeal.
Amesbury, who has been an independent since his arrest last year, won his seat with a majority of 14,696 over Reform last July.
Lord Robert Hayward, a Conservative peer and top pollster, expects the Tories to lose between 475 to 525 councillors on Thursday.
Lord Hayward forecast Reform would pick up around 400 to 450 council seats, which he expected to be heavily concentrated in the Midlands and the North.
Labour should, in theory, pick up councillors after a dire showing in 2021.
But some fear Sir Keir Starmer’s party could even go backwards, with support having slipped dramatically since gaining power.
GLOSSARY
Conservative: Con
Labour: Lab
Independent/Other: Ind
Liberal Democrat: LD
Green Party: Grn
Reform UK: Ref
Workers Party of Britain: WPB
Mebyon Kernow: Meb
Ratepayers or Residents: RA
British Democratic Party: BDP
No description: ND
Social Democratic Party: SDP
Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition: TUSC
Yorkshire Party: Yorks
No overall control: NOC
Nothing Prior: New
Rejoin EU: Rjn
English Democrat: ED
Liberal: Lib
Monster Raving Loony Party: MRLP
English Constitution Party: ECP
Volt: Volt